Multi-model recursive identification for nonlinear systems with non-uniformly sampling

A recursive least squares based on Multi-model is proposed for non-uniformly sampled-data nonlinear (NUSDN) systems. The corresponding state space model of an NUSDN system is derived using lifting technique. Taking advantage of the Fuzzy c-Mean Clustering algorithm, NUSDN is divided into several local models. The basic idea is that the NUSDN system is viewed as a model switching system under a given rule. Once the local models are identified, the global model is determined. A pH neutralization process validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.     

Fears,attitudes and opinions of suburban residents with regards to their urban foxes

Throughout Central Europe, foxes have taken over urban areas as their habitat. In Southern Germany, these foxes are also carriers of the small fox tapeworm, which causes a serious zoonotic infection in humans. Therefore, a survey was carried out in a suburb of the city of Munich. A postal questionnaire was used to analyse the attitudes, opinions and fears of these participants towards their urban foxes and the background to these attitudes. Questionnaires were sent to all households with gardens and collected in again via the community council. Seven hundred and seventy-nine or 31% of questionnaires were returned. Only a few people are afraid of the fox itself; however, 55% are afraid of the fox tapeworm. Worming the animals is the preferred counter-measure, with 81% in favour. The majority of inhabitants are pleased to see a fox in the community and feel the animals have a right to live. People are afraid of the tapeworm either because they have children in the household or because of increased knowledge of the subject or because it has increasingly become an issue. On the basis of the results of this study, it is to be expected that radical solutions such as killing the foxes are unlikely to be accepted among the population. Worming of the foxes does, however, meet with general approval.     

Post-embryonic development of the Furongian (late Cambrian) trilobite Tsinania canens: implications for life mode and phylogeny

SUMMARY The current concept of the order Asaphida was proposed to accommodate some Cambrian and Ordovician trilobite clades that are characterized by the possession of a ventral median suture. The family Tsinaniidae was recently suggested to be a member of the order Asaphida on the basis of its close morphological similarity to Asaphidae. Postembryonic development of the tsinaniid trilobite, Tsinania canens , from the Furongian (late Cambrian) Hwajeol Formation of Korea, reveals that this trilobite had an adult-like protaspis. Notable morphological changes with growth comprise the effacement of dorsal furrows, sudden degeneration of pygidial spines, regression of genal spines, and loss of a triangular rostral plate to form a ventral median suture. Programmed cell death may be responsible for degenerating the pygidial and genal spines during ontogeny. Morphological changes with growth, such as the loss of pygidial spines, modification of pleural tips, and effacement of dorsal furrows, suggest that T. canens changed its life mode during ontogeny from benthic crawling to infaunal. The protaspid morphology and the immature morphology of T. canens retaining genal and pygidial spines suggest that tsinaniids bear a close affinity to leiostegioids of the order Corynexochida. Accordingly, development of a ventral median suture in T. canens demonstrates that the ventral median suture could have evolved polyphyletically, and thus the current concept of the order Asaphida needs to be revised.     

Photocurrent Enhancement in Si-Ge Photodetectors by Utilizing Surface Plasmons

A circular slit-groove surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) launcher surrounding a photodetector is employed theoretically to enhance the photocurrent of atypical Si-Ge photodetectors. The slit and grooves are designed such that the SPPs are focused at the center of the absorption layer of the photodetector to result in additional electric current. Fabry–Perot resonance condition accurately calculates the period of the groove, slit-groove distance, photodetector radius, and slit-photodetector distance. The manipulation leads to constructive interference between the incident light impinging from the top and the SPPs propagating toward the photodetector. Simulation result shows that photocurrent increases by approximately 13-fold when the SPPs are introduced.     

Autonomy,Equality, and Teaching among Aka Foragers and Ngandu Farmers of the Congo Basin

The significance of teaching to the evolution of human culture is under debate. We contribute to the discussion by using a quantitative, cross-cultural comparative approach to investigate the role of teaching in the lives of children in two small-scale societies: Aka foragers and Ngandu farmers of the Central African Republic. Focal follows with behavior coding were used to record social learning experiences of children aged 4 to 16 during daily life. “Teaching” was coded based on a functional definition from evolutionary biology. Frequencies, contexts, and subtypes of teaching as well as the identity of teachers were analyzed. Teaching was rare compared to observational learning, although both forms of social learning were negatively correlated with age. Children received teaching from a variety of individuals, and they also engaged in teaching. Several teaching types were observed, including instruction, negative feedback, and commands. Statistical differences in the distribution of teaching types and the identity of teachers corresponded with contrasting forager vs. farmer foundational cultural schema. For example, Aka children received less instruction, which empirically limits autonomous learning, and were as likely to receive instruction and negative feedback from other children as they were from adults. Commands, however, exhibited a different pattern suggesting a more complex role for this teaching type. Although consistent with claims that teaching is relatively rare in small-scale societies, this evidence supports the conclusion that teaching is a universal, early emerging cognitive ability in humans. However, culture (e.g., values for autonomy and egalitarianism) structures the nature of teaching.     

A comparison of scytonemin and its carbon analogue in terms of antioxidant properties through free radical mechanisms and conformational analysis: a DFT investigation

Scytonemin is a UV absorbing sheath pigment synthesized uniquely by cyanobacteria. Its biological features has attracted interest ecologically (in microbial mat systems), medically (for therapeutic activity) and astrobiologically (as a key biomarker). Recently, a carbon analogue of scytonemin, in which two nitrogen atoms are replaced by carbon atoms was synthesized to elucidate the origin of biological activity by comparison with scytonemin. In this work, their structural/conformational aspects and relative antioxidant capacity are compared making use of DFT calculations to provide insight about the similarities and differences between the two. The carbon analogue of scytonemin, isoelectronic with scytonemin, has the same structural skeleton and a similar potential energy surface but the hydrogens on the carbons that replace the nitrogens cause the phenolic rings to rotate out of the plane which is obseved for scytonemin. Thermochemically, the carbon analogue of scytonemin prefers the same radical scavenging mechanism scytonemin does, the HAT mechanism, and has a lower homolytic bond dissociation enthalpy for the OH group than that of scytonemin and other known antioxidants like ascorbic acid. The carbon analogue of scytonemin is suggested to be a novel synthetic antioxidant.